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Sets record as most intense hurricane to make landfall in Jamaica and tied for the most intense hurricane landfall globally since recordkeeping began in 1851
BOSTON, November 3, 2025 – The Extreme Event Solutions group at Verisk (Nasdaq: VRSK), a leading global data analytics and technology provider, estimates industry insured losses to onshore property in Jamaica from Hurricane Melissa will likely range from USD 2.2 billion to USD 4.2 billion. The industry loss range includes estimated wind and precipitation-induced flood from Melissa’s track across Jamaica, with most of the modeled loss attributable to wind.
Meteorological History of Melissa
Melissa became a hurricane on October 21. Exceptionally warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear ignited a period of rapid intensification on October 25. After turning to the north-northeast, the system later strengthened further, with maximum sustained winds of 185 mph and a minimum central pressure of 892 mb as it began its final approach to Jamaica on October 28. That afternoon, the storm made landfall at its peak intensity near New Hope in Westmoreland Parish in Jamaica.
The hurricane weakened inland over the mountains and emerged off Jamaica’s north coast at Category 4 strength, headed toward Cuba. The hurricane made landfall in eastern Cuba on October 29, and the system then weakened further to Category 1 strength, while beginning to accelerate toward the northeast, passing near Long Island in the Bahamas.
Putting Damage in Perspective from the Context of Building Codes
The residential building inventory in Jamaica is dominated by masonry construction at almost 70 percent and approximately 30 percent are wood framed buildings. Roofs are mostly low to pitched flat and the construction practices are informal with minimal to almost no professional input. Under these circumstances, significant damage and, in a number of cases, near total destruction of buildings is expected in the landfall area when a Category 5 hurricane brings 185 mph winds, such as those from Hurricane Melissa.
Many neighborhoods in St. Elizabeth parish, where Melissa made landfall, including Black River, Barbary Hall and adjacent areas are reporting significant damage with 80-90 percent and in certain cases 100 percent of roofs destroyed.
Non-engineered residential buildings and engineered commercial buildings experienced similar degrees of damage. From residential homes to commercial buildings including grocery stores, gas stations, airports and hospitals, buildings serving a variety of functions were impacted and saw significant damage. While wind and wind driven rain caused widespread damage, many neighborhoods experienced precipitation-induced flood damage as well.
Major damage from wind, storm surge and precipitation-induced flooding was also reported in northwest Jamaica in Montego Bay. This area is a popular tourist location and includes resorts which sustained major damage following the storm. While wind played a major role in influencing damage in Western Jamaica, many reports of flooding were reported in eastern Jamaica as far east as Kingston which is the capital and the population center on the island.
Given the significant amount of wind damage seen along the path of Hurricane Melissa, it is important to put this damage in perspective with building codes in Jamaica. The first building code in Jamaica known as Kingston and St. Andrew Building Act dates back to early 1900 and was mostly a legal document describing the building regulation and governance in the region. Fast forward to 1985, the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) published the Caribbean Uniform Building Code (CUBiC) which provided wind design force requirement for several Caribbean islands including Jamaica and was potentially used by some engineers for design and construction of buildings in Jamaica, although it was not legally mandated.
In 2003, the Jamaica Institute of Engineers developed Jamaica’s first National Building Code which was an application document to the 2003 edition of the Uniform Building Code (UBC) with necessary adjustments and commentary to meet the needs of Jamaica’s built environment and hazard characteristics. The application document included a basic design wind speed map for Jamaica to facilitate engineers to properly design buildings for wind forcing. The basic design wind speeds for areas such as Black River and Montego Bay which bore the brunt of Hurricane Melissa’s winds were set to 130 and 125 miles per hour (3-sec gust), respectively. The winds that these areas experienced from Hurricane Melissa exceeded some of the design winds in these areas and therefore significant damage to the built environment should be expected. While Jamaica’s National Building Code was initially not legally enforced, the passing of Jamaica’s Building Act in 2019 is expected to improve the enforcement and rigorous application of this building code and enhance the resilience of Jamaica’s built environment moving forward, particularly given the magnitude of damage inflicted by Hurricane Melissa.
Significant uncertainty exists in the insurance take-up rates in Jamaica. The residential take-up rates in the country are less than 20 percent (as per a 2025 report from the Insurance Association of Jamaica) and a significant portion of these insured properties are underinsured. A significant portion of commercial and automobile lines are also uninsured.
Verisk’s loss estimates do not include:
Melissa set several records over its lifecycle. It was the most intense hurricane to make landfall in Jamaica since recordkeeping began and was tied for the most intense hurricane landfall globally since record keeping began by minimum central pressure (along with the 1935 “Labor Day” hurricane) and by maximum wind speed (with the 1935 Labor Day Hurricane and 2019 Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas). It was also the most intense storm of 2025 and is third only behind 2005 Hurricane Wilma and 1988 Hurricane Gilbert for lowest minimum central pressure in an Atlantic hurricane.
About Verisk
Verisk (Nasdaq: VRSK) is a leading strategic data analytics and technology partner to the global insurance industry. It empowers clients to strengthen operating efficiency, improve underwriting and claims outcomes, combat fraud and make informed decisions about global risks, including climate change, extreme events, sustainability and political issues. Through advanced data analytics, software, scientific research and deep industry knowledge, Verisk helps build global resilience for individuals, communities and businesses. With teams across more than 20 countries, Verisk consistently earns certification by Great Place to Work and fosters an inclusive culture where all team members feel they belong. For more, visit Verisk.com and the Verisk Newsroom.
Mary Keller
Verisk
339-832-7048
mary.keller@verisk.com